Suchergebnisse

The structure of the network of public libraries inChina, their place in the unified library system of the country are discussed: their material, technical, resource and service potential is characterized as the basis for building a knowledge-based economy inChinaby 2050. The content of the first in the history of Chinese librarianship the national legislative act on libraries – Chinese People's Republic Law on Public Libraries, which came into effect in January 2018, is disclosed. The role of the Central National Library of China as a scientific and methodological center for managing public libraries is identified, and the main directions of its scientific and methodological activities are described; in particular, building the legislative corps for the Chinese library system, standardization of information services and technologies; corporate cataloguing, implementation of innovative (network, mobile, virtual) services, aspirations for innovative experiments, the acquisition of practical skills in working with high-tech equipment, building the organizational foundations for acquiring Chinese National Digital Library and National Digital Children's Library; preservation and conservation of library collections, including their digitization, and participation in various forms of professional development. ; Раскрыта структура сети публичных библиотек Китая, их место в единой библиотечной системе страны. Охарактеризован материально-технический, ресурсный и сервисный потенциал основа построения в КНР к 2050 г. экономики знаний. Раскрыто содержание первого в истории библиотечного дела Китая государственного законодательного акта о библиотеках Закона КНР о публичных библиотеках, вступившего в действие в январе 2018 г. Выявлена роль Национальной библиотеки Китая как научного и методического центра для публичных библиотек, охарактеризованы основные направления её научно-методической деятельности; среди них: формирование правовых основ функционирования национальной библиотечной системы; стандартизация библиотечно-информационных услуг и технологий; корпоративная каталогизация; внедрение в библиотеках инновационных цифровых продуктов и сервисов; создание организационных основ агрегации Национальной цифровой библиотеки Китая, Национальной цифровой детской библиотеки Китая; совершенствование технологий сохранения библиотечных фондов, в том числе на основе их оцифровки.Подчёркнуто, что национальная библиотека Китая активно поддерживает публичные библиотеки в развитии корпоративных проектов, инновационных (сетевых, мобильных, виртуальных) сервисов, в стремлении к инновационным экспериментам, овладению навыками практической работы с высокотехнологичным оборудованием, участию в различных формах повышения квалификации.

AbstractBased on the Xingke Tiben, this paper assesses the long‐run economic development of China, by constructing a new estimate of male occupational structure during 1734–1898 by sector, sub‐sector pattern, and region. After assessing the source's biases, using this new empirical basis, this paper demonstrates that the national male occupational structure was nearly identical in 1761–70, 1821–30, and 1881–90, suggesting a long‐lasting structural stasis of the national economy, allowing for fluctuations between benchmark dates. Within agriculture, substantial regional differences in labour organisation are revealed. Three distinct models are found: the Northern Regions model features a high usage of wage labour, the Yangtze Valley model presents a high level of tenancy development, and the Southern Regions model displays the highest share of landowners. All three models saw increasing use of wage labour in 1761–1890 and shrinking landownership in 1821–90. At the regional level, the long‐run estimate for Lower Yangtze suggests that the region as a whole stagnated throughout the entire period, but the overall structural stasis hides dynamic, contrasting long‐run economic change between the region's core and peripheral areas. Comparative analysis with England further suggests that the timing of the Great Divergence between China and England took place before 1734, even in the context of the regional difference.

Розкрито структуру мережі публічних бібліотек Китаю, їхнє місце в єдиній бібліотечній системі країни. Охарактеризовано матеріально-­технічний, ресурсний і сервісний потенціал як основу розвитку в КНР до 2050 р. економіки знань. Розкрито зміст першого в історії бібліотечної справи Китаю державного законодавчого акту про бібліотеки — закону КНР про публічні бібліотеки, що вступив у дію з 1 січня 2018 р. Відзначено роль державного фінансування урядом модернізації китайських бібліотек, створення ними комфортних умов доступу всіх категорій користувачів до світових інформаційних ресурсів. Підкреслено важливість активного розвитку публічними бібліотеками інноваційних мережевих і мобільних сервісів, послуг віртуальної реальності, спрямованих на реалізацію молоддю творчих ідей та здібностей, прагнень до інноваційних експериментів, набуття практичних навичок роботи з високотехнологічним обладнанням на базі організованих у структурі бібліотек креативних просторів «i­-Space». ; The aim of this paper is to unlock the potential of modern Chinese public libraries as an important factor in developing the knowledge-and information-based economy.Research methodology. The author uses the analysis of statistics on the activities of public libraries in China, the content analysis of their websites, the comparative analysis of innovative products and services that are in demand. The systematic approach to studying the activities of the network of public libraries of the People's Republic of China made it possible to determine the specific functions of national and regional libraries, to determine the status of their corporate cooperation in improving the quality of meeting the information needs of users.Results. The author reveals the main provisions of the Law on Public Libraries of China (2018) — the first legislative act in the country that regulates all aspects of the activities of the largest type of libraries. The author describes the tasks and functions of public libraries in China as a basic socio-communication institute, which performs information, educational, socio-cultural, socializing, recreational functions, has a powerful potential for enhancing the intellectual level of society, the development of creativity of the general public, in particular children and youth. The author indicates the role of government funding for the modernization of Chinese libraries by the government, creating comfortable conditions for an access for all categories of users to the world's information resources. The paper highlights the importance of the active development of innovative online and mobile services by public libraries, virtual reality services aimed at implementing youth creative ideas and skills, aspirations for innovative experiments, the acquisition of practical skills of working with high-tech equipment based on the structure of libraries of creative space «i-Space».Novelty. It is shown that in the context of developing the digital economy and knowledge-and information-based society, the priority in public libraries of China is to create the conditions for creative ideas and abilities for young people, aspirations for innovative experiments, and the acquisition of practical skills of working with high-tech equipment (robotized technology, 3D printers, 3D scanners, laser cutters, digital music and video recording studios, virtual reality glasses and helmets, etc.).The practical significance. The experience of Chinese public libraries is worth studying and being implemented in the libraries of those countries that have adopted the government programs to develop the digital society and knowledge-and information-based economy. This experience shows that the diversification of high-tech library services allows them to create "idea incubators" and creative workshops, informal leisure and educational centres for local communities that promote the self-development and realization of creative abilities of young people, form their desire for technical creativity and innovative experiments as a basis for developing the intellectual capital of the country and a key for developing the knowledge-and information-based economy.

Розкрито структуру мережі публічних бібліотек Китаю, їхнє місце в єдиній бібліотечній системі країни. Охарактеризовано матеріально-­технічний, ресурсний і сервісний потенціал як основу розвитку в КНР до 2050 р. економіки знань. Розкрито зміст першого в історії бібліотечної справи Китаю державного законодавчого акту про бібліотеки — закону КНР про публічні бібліотеки, що вступив у дію з 1 січня 2018 р. Відзначено роль державного фінансування урядом модернізації китайських бібліотек, створення ними комфортних умов доступу всіх категорій користувачів до світових інформаційних ресурсів. Підкреслено важливість активного розвитку публічними бібліотеками інноваційних мережевих і мобільних сервісів, послуг віртуальної реальності, спрямованих на реалізацію молоддю творчих ідей та здібностей, прагнень до інноваційних експериментів, набуття практичних навичок роботи з високотехнологічним обладнанням на базі організованих у структурі бібліотек креативних просторів «i­-Space». ; The aim of this paper is to unlock the potential of modern Chinese public libraries as an important factor in developing the knowledge-and information-based economy.Research methodology. The author uses the analysis of statistics on the activities of public libraries in China, the content analysis of their websites, the comparative analysis of innovative products and services that are in demand. The systematic approach to studying the activities of the network of public libraries of the People's Republic of China made it possible to determine the specific functions of national and regional libraries, to determine the status of their corporate cooperation in improving the quality of meeting the information needs of users.Results. The author reveals the main provisions of the Law on Public Libraries of China (2018) — the first legislative act in the country that regulates all aspects of the activities of the largest type of libraries. The author describes the tasks and functions of public libraries in China as a basic socio-communication institute, which performs information, educational, socio-cultural, socializing, recreational functions, has a powerful potential for enhancing the intellectual level of society, the development of creativity of the general public, in particular children and youth. The author indicates the role of government funding for the modernization of Chinese libraries by the government, creating comfortable conditions for an access for all categories of users to the world's information resources. The paper highlights the importance of the active development of innovative online and mobile services by public libraries, virtual reality services aimed at implementing youth creative ideas and skills, aspirations for innovative experiments, the acquisition of practical skills of working with high-tech equipment based on the structure of libraries of creative space «i-Space».Novelty. It is shown that in the context of developing the digital economy and knowledge-and information-based society, the priority in public libraries of China is to create the conditions for creative ideas and abilities for young people, aspirations for innovative experiments, and the acquisition of practical skills of working with high-tech equipment (robotized technology, 3D printers, 3D scanners, laser cutters, digital music and video recording studios, virtual reality glasses and helmets, etc.).The practical significance. The experience of Chinese public libraries is worth studying and being implemented in the libraries of those countries that have adopted the government programs to develop the digital society and knowledge-and information-based economy. This experience shows that the diversification of high-tech library services allows them to create "idea incubators" and creative workshops, informal leisure and educational centres for local communities that promote the self-development and realization of creative abilities of young people, form their desire for technical creativity and innovative experiments as a basis for developing the intellectual capital of the country and a key for developing the knowledge-and information-based economy.

By incorporating social media strategies into the traditional framework of crisis communication strategies (CCS), this article presents a comprehensive review of the scholarship on CCS within a global context. Through a content analysis of articles published in 11 journals listed in the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), 73 articles focusing on the social‐mediated crisis management (SMCM) are identified. Findings show that new strategies such as enhancing and transferring from the organizational perspective are added, the stakeholders and their desired strategies are analysed and an asymmetrical CCS pattern from a contextual perspective is proposed within the SMCM research. Results also point out some weaknesses within the current literature. An interactive crisis communication (ICC) model is proposed for future research agenda.

Aus chinesischer Sicht